Mallikarjuna Devastana, Chikka Malligwad

This little temple was discovered during our early morning cycle rides. Cycling in rural roads is more fun than city roads. So, we come towards Chikka Malagiwad often. During our third towards Chikka Malagiwad, Pushpa stopped at the temple and went in while I waited outside.

As I stood outside, this idol of Shiva Linga caught my attention. Going by its form, I felt this Shiva Linga is an ancient one. The multiple corners of the base is a feature seen in Chalukyan sculpture. Probably its anywhere between 800 years to 1000 years old.

This is the front side. The idol was fixed into the floor of the ancient shrine. For some reason the ancient idol was replaced with a new idol. However, the old idol is still being worshipped.

Besides the ancient Shivalinga idol, there's an old inscription slab which has been embedded into the wall. The slab is about a foot wide and three feet long. A part of the inscription is covered by a layer of lime.

The inscription is in Kannada. The letters are very close to present day Kannada. So I'm guessing the inscription is relatively new. Probably its about a donation to renovate the temple within the past 100 years.

Right besides the temple are two more ancient sculptures. This seems to be a pillar base or part of the sanctum threshold. The stone quality and the quality of the sculpture indicate its an ancient one. I think the temple was small but well made. The original structure either gave away to forces of nature or it was damaged intentionally. When the temple was rebuilt, the builders decided to exclude some of the original parts such as this and few others.

On the other side of the temple is the original idol of Nandi but its broken into two parts. I'm not sure if the idol was removed because it broke, or if the idol broke while it was being removed.

This is the replacement Nandi, smaller than the original.

The temple is kept clean and tidy. The priest is punctual with the morning ritual, at least the two times I happened to notice. On the side walls are two slokas. The artist put in extra effort to write the text in two colors. Nice work.

ಓಂ ಗಂಗಾಧರಾಯ ನಮಃ 

ಕು0ಕುಮ ಚಂದನ ಲೇಪಿತ ಲಿಂಗಮ 

ಪಂಕಜಹಾರ ಸುಶೋಭಿತ ಲಿಂಗಮ 

ಸುಚಿತ ಪಾಹ ಏನಾಶನ ಲಿಂಗಮ

ತತ್ ಪ್ರಣಮಾಮಿ ಸದಾಶಿವ ಲಿಂಗಮ್

ಓಂ ನಮಃ ಶಿವಾಯ

ತ್ರ್ಯಂಬಕಂ ಯಜಾಮಹೇ|

ಸುಗಂಧಿಂ ಪುಷ್ಪಿವರ್ಧನಂ||

ಉರ್ವಾರುಕವಿವ ಬಂದರ್ನಾ| 

ಮೃತ್ಯೋರ್ಮುಕ್ಷೀಯ ಮಾಮೃತಾತ್||

Chikka Malagiwad is about 10 km from our home but we don't take the shortest route, instead we take the route with least traffic even if it means negotiating uphill roads.

I think there are many more ancient shrines hidden in rural Dharwad. Truly the ancient rulers cared about the society, lot of funds were set aside for temples which were crucial to human settlements. I think people started and ended their days with visits to temples. Children learned to read and write at temples. Village meetings took place at temples, important decisions were taken in the presence of the Gods. Temples provided shelter to travelers as well. Wish there was a way to go back in time to see the ancient life.

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ancient temples of Hooli part-2

 ...continued from the ancient temples of Hooli part-1

In the previous part we covered Panchalingeshwara Devastana and Nandikeshwara Devastana. Now are are looking at three more shrines and a Dargah. I don't remember going near the Dargah but it seems like it was a temple originally.

On the way to the shrines we passed by this stepped water tank which was fed by an underground pipeline. I'm guessing this water tank is relatively new, probably made during the Maratha rule. around 500 years ago.

Ningappa wanted me to see this water spout shaped like a cow's head. The tank floor was thick with bushes, many thorny ones but that didn't deter Ningappa. He just went down and moved the long slender branches so that I can get this shot. Isn't it a beautiful creation. This reminds me of the elephant head sculpture inside a water tank at Gajendragad fort. I wish every taluq had a archaeological department responsible for monuments in that taluq. We have countless numbers of ancient monuments, maintaining them would have a positive effect on the younger generation, they are bound to feel good about our heritage.

Of the three temples, one is ancient. Sadly the stone pillars have been coated with lime which is harmful to stone. Hope in these ten years, the lime has been washed off. On the bigger of the green painted temple is called Shri Guru Siddananjeshwara Gudi. These shrines are ancient but the structures are new.

The temple is situated near a shallow cleft. On the rock formation are white marks which are caused by flowing water. This is one of the many waterfall spots of this hill range. After a good long rainfall, this spot would transform itself into a piece of paradise.

As seen from the unknown temple. The smooth stretch of slope leads to the fort. The stretch was covered with tractor tire skid marks.

Tractors with trailers are driven up here to haul stone from the fort ruins. No one to stop such people because the fort doesn't belongs to no one in particular. Do anything you want with public property - no one cares but a few people like us.

This is a collage of two photos merged into a collage with an attempt to show how the positions of the temples. Most temples on the slopes are seen here. The three shrines seen earlier are out of view in this picture. #1 is Nandikeshwara Devastana, #2 Banashankari Devastana, #3 unknown, #4 unknown, #5 Dakshina Kashi temple complex, #6 unknown and #7 Maralu Siddeshwara Devastana.

This is Banashankari temple. Its an ancient shrine with heavy makeup... lime, distemper, oil paint! People must realize that makeup is required only for cement plastered walls, stones are better off naturally. Anyway, the temple premises was clean and tidy. The big Ficus next to this temple was home to monkeys. The temple has lot of open space around it (see inset) which is used by village folk to sun dry their agricultural produce. And also for the temple fair.

These are temples #3 (right side) and #4 (left side), are east-facing. Temple #4 is in better condition. Temple #3 was a gambling and drinking den.

Nangappa on temple #4 steps flanked by balustrades which have been broken. Just like Nandikeshwara temple, parts of the roof are missing here. I can't remember if daily rituals were performed.

This piece of sculpture was found near Banashankari Devastana. I feel this belongs to temple #4, it's a part of the wall behind the backrest. This piece has three panels- a young woman, three identical pillars and a flower vase. Below the panels is a strip of flowers and at the base is a series of elephants.

A view through the main entrance. If I'm not mistaken this temple has a Sabha Mantapa, Natya Mantapa, Antharala and Garbhagudi. The space seen here between the entrance and the grand door frame is Sabha Mantapa, the meeting hall. The door seen here connects to the Natya Mantapa, the dance hall. Further inside is the vestibule which connects the Natya Mantapa and Garbhagudi. Sadly I didn't take closeups of the doorframe.

This is the I feel this temple was worth restoring. In fact Ningappa had mentioned that ASI had plans of restoring all temples and if that happened houses of the village needed to be relocated. However, the village is as it is. Going by Google Maps imagery temple #3 seems to be restored. 

This is the exterior of temple #3. The Nritya Mantapa floor had been damaged badly by treasure hunters. I think this temple has two or three sanctums.

This highly detailed sculpture is fixed over a passage to one of the Garbhagudis. Ningappa had urged me to see this temple for the sake of this sculpture.  

From the twin temples, we go to Dakshina Kashi temple complex, also called Kashi Vishwanatha group of temples, marked as #5. The temple complex is situated right next to the pond. The complex has three or four temples which seem to be of the built more or less the same time as Nandikeshwara or Panchalingeshwara temples.

This is a stepped gateway connecting the temple complex and the water pond. This is for the devotees to bathe in the pond and enter the complex to perform rituals. During our visit water level was low, hence it wasn't right up to the steps of the gateway.

While at Hooli fort Ningappa had suggested we visit Varavi Siddeshwara Kolla. Had we gone by foot, we had to walk 5 km one way. I regret disapproving the idea. Instead I opted to go by car, a 15 km drive one way. May be I'll plan a trip to Hooli, catch up with Ningappa and go for a trek. Because of the plan we decided to cut short Hooli trip. This is another temple in ruins we saw on the way back to the village. If there's a basket of places which had gained prominence during the Chalukyan times, Hooli would be in that basket.

Before we left Hooli, Ningappa took me to a potters studio. The potter family made water pots, decorative pots & vases and stoves as well. After a short stay we decided to move on to Varavi Siddeshwara.

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ancient temples of Hooli part-1

Hooli is a historic village situated 10 km west of Saundatti. The village is placed close to the base of a sprawling sandstone hill range surrounded by fertile black soil plains. The hill range has no peaks as such but its more of a flat topped hill. During rains a number of streams flow on these hills, which flow down the hill in spectacular waterfalls. The hills store rainwater and release them in slowly streams which used to flow through the year many decades ago however now they run dry in months if not weeks. This hill range was a provider of food, water and probably shelter hence it was inhabited during the prehistoric times. There are several clefts through which slow streams. Within the clefts are natural shelters and caverns. Few of the caverns and shelters are religious shrines where one usually gets to see Shiva Linga. The ancient inhabitants slowly migrated to the plains as they adopted agriculture as a means to livelihood. The other such settlement attached to this hill range is Sirsangi.

Hooli and Sirsangi are villages in the present day. However, if one looks at the number of historical monuments here, it can be said these two places flourished between VII Century and XVII Century, probably there were ups and downs during the said period. The historical monuments of Sirsangi include a small fort, Kalikadevi temple, a Dargah and a cave shrine. Kalikadevi Devastana is quite popular and visited by devotees from Karnataka, Maharastra, Telangana and Andhra Pradesh. Hooli is basically known for the Chalukyan Panchlingeshwara Devastana which is under ASI protection. Then there are ruins of about ten other temples & shrines and a fort are scattered between the village and hill top. The water pond of Hooli is also historical. The pond is fed by a stream called Shivakashi. Besides the pond, there will be a number of wells. Of all the ancient temples, daily rituals happen in just one or two or three temples.

I'd visited Sirsangi once and Hooli two times a decade ago. My first visit to Hooli was on April 30th 2010 with three colleagues, and the second visit on April 2, 2011, a solo trip. During 2010 visit we happened to see Panchalingeshwara Devastana and few other temples but missed the fort because of time constraint and lack of guide. During 2011 visit, I had a guide who took me to the fort and the temples as well. The guide 'Ningappa' was a very energetic and enthusiastic person. He took me to the potters home where I got to see the process of making water pots, show pots and mud-stoves. Then he took to me hidden gem of a place called Varavi Siddeshwara Kolla - this is situated inside a cleft of the hill range.

Before we look at the temples, I want to tell that the names of few temples are not clear. Here's a list compiled from people, photos, a poster and Google Maps. This list includes two recently built temples.

1. Nandikeshwara Devastana
2. Banashankari Gudi
3. Harkeshwara Devastana
4. Karkeshwara Devastana
5. Andkeshwara Devastana
6. Dakshin Kashi group of temples
7. Trikuteshwara Devastana
8. Siddananjeshwara Gudi
9. Maralu Siddeshwara Gudi
10. Shri Guru Balalila Sangameshwar Devastana
11. Hari Mandir

I'm not sure if Sangameshwar Devastana is an ancient shrine and if its building is new. The temple's gateway has two life-size statues of which one is the legendary character Bhringi. Hari Mandir is a relatively new temple just opposite Panchalingeshwara Devastana.

During my first visit, the first temple I saw was Panchalingeshwara Devastana. For some reason, the caretaker prohibited photography inside the temple. These are few pictures of the exterior. 

As the name indicates, this temple has five deities i.e. five Lingas. From the exterior looks, this temple has four sanctums but I can't remember correctly if the temple had four sanctums or five. The temple is east-facing, two sanctums are north and south facing, and the remaining three east.

The temple walls and pillars are plain, no decorative art as such. It has a very nice sloping canopy which was required for this location because of heavy rainfalls. The temple is mainly made of sandstone blocks. This temple has a big pillared hall with Suknasi all around. If I'm right the hall has three entrances facing east, north and south. In this picture, the north entrance is seen. The doorway is flanked by two handsome balustrades with mural of elephants on them.

The temple's side entrances on the northern and southern sides. The sanctums are on the right hand side. Though the walls are plain & simple, the Shikharas are complex and artistic. Also the stone used for Shikharas is different, the darker stone seems harder compared to sandstone. I'm not sure if this temple survived the test of time retaining its good condition or if it was restored by ASI. Of course there are signs of restoration which could be minor.

The next monument is Nandikeshwara Devastana situated on the slopes of the hillock, may be a fifteen minute walk from Pachalingeshwara. It looks likes the builders had expanded a small area of flat ground to build a temple complex up there.

Nandikeshwara Devastana is my favorite because of the elevated location, the design and the number of Bilva Patri trees in the front yard. The temple is poor shape, very ruined state but there's beauty in these ruins. You are looking at the main entrance of the pillared hall with a seating platform all around. There are two side entrances as well. Portions of the roof and canopy are missing.

This is the southern side. It looks as thought the side wall construction is incomplete. The pillar designs are complex and elegant. This architecture seems very much Badami Chalukyan. 

This is the rear side view of the temple. The outer cover of stone is gone exposing the innards. I feel the stones have been taken away by people. Yet the structure stands. This picture was shot 10 years ago. I hope the temple has withstood the forces of nature. Perhaps I must hope ASI has taken over the temple maintenance. 

This is the view of a person sitting inside the hall between the main door and the sanctum. The arch over the east facing entrance looks as though its posed to pull people into the temple. The three nearest pillars in this picture plus the fourth unseen pillar form a Natyamantapa or the Rangamantapa. The pillars are different compared to the outer pillars.

A closer look at the pillars. I'm trying to imagine how this would be made with modern machinery... the amount of effort that goes into generating the code to produce this in a CNC would be mindboggling. Go back one step... the kind of imagination one needs to even form this design is something else. The mind that generated this design was no ordinary person. I feel they were either super humans or alien creatures of a very advanced civilization.

Here's a collage of two photos showing four different types of pillar designs. Totally there are seven to ten unique designs, all are complex. Its really difficult to pick 'the best' out of them. All are good, unique and they seem to be made by a same pair of hands.

The following pictures of Nandikeshwara below were shot during my second trip. Hooli was less green, warmer and drier. But, the good thing was that I had a guide this time. At the village square I'd requested a group of elderly folks to appoint a guide for me. The elders obliged and found Ningappa who was willing to show me the temples and fort.

That's my guide Ningappa standing next to a stepped water tank. I guess a natural spring fed this tank, I'm not sure though. I've seen many Chalukyan temples in ruins but none had so many Bilva Patri trees in the vicinity. I feel an ascetic or a group of ascetics had camped here at some point of time. They must've planted one or two trees and new trees got added over time.

This is the northern side of the temple. Parts of the canopy are missing. It looks like the missing slabs have been removed and taken away by people. Very sad.

I climb up to an elevated spot to get a view of the temple top. The Shikhara seems to be completed before something disturbed its equilibrium loosening the blocks. Probably some blocks were removed by the same people who took the canopy slabs. There are two or three more structures within a stone's throw from this temple. One of them is a L-shaped structure which may not be a temple, it could be a a shelter for visitors. Also, about five minutes walk from here is Banashankari Gudi which is painted in white-green. This is one of the temples where daily rituals happen.

From here Ningappa and I trek up the slope. The climb was easy because of the step like rock formations. On the way I got shots of these shrines. The ones below are Hindu temples and the one above is a Dargah. For all I know the Dargah must've been a temple originally. 

After exploring Hooli fort, we headed towards the three shrines. On the way Ningappa wanted me to see this structure which seems like another shrine with a protective wall. I think this structure is right besides Nandikeshwara Devastana.

A foot and half tall broken idol of Ganapati seen next to the structure in the previous picture.

To be continued in the ancient temples of Hooli part-2

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monolithic temples of Aihole

Today Aihole is a little village on the right bank of river Malaprabha the tributary of river Krishna. History of Aihole goes back to prehistoric times. In fact it is said that Parashurama had washed his axe at this spot. Blood from the axe had turned the river red. On seeing the red colored water someone had remarked Ayyo Hole. Hence the place was called Ayyo Hole which became Aihole over time.

From the archaeological perspective, Aihole is a prehistoric site. Aihole hillock consists a lengthy natural rock formation with shelters and caverns in which are several paintings in ochre. These rock paintings are said to be prehistoric. At the base of the rock formation are ancient quarries. The hillock is flat topped, a sloping plateau. On the plateau are megalithic tombs. Also close to river near Ramlingeshwar temple complex are remains of cairns ~ stone circles and a dolmen. These archaeological artifacts prove that this place was inhabited few millennia  before the Chalukyan times. The inhabitants had knowledge of stones- how to select the right type, how to shape them and how to make structures using stone blocks.

Coming to the historic times, Aihole is considered as the cradle of temple architecture. Historians believe that temple builders during the Chalukyan times experimented with temple designs here. Master sculptors and their apprentices designed and made model temples here. If one looks around Aihole, more than a hundred temples of tiny to big temples built across few centuries can be seen. These temples are mainly dedicated to Shiva, the main deity being Shiva Linga. One can see simple structures to heavily decorated ones with ventilation features. On the decorated ones are images of Hindu gods and goddesses.. tiny images to life size images to larger than life size. The idols of Shiva Linga are accompanied by idols of Nandi. Some of the temples are multi-storeyed with stone ladders connecting the levels. These builders could virtually create anything with stone, as though it was wax.

Of the hundred off temples, three of the temples are different. They stand out because they are monolith i.e. these are mad out of one boulder each. In my opinion, sculpting a monolithic temple is difficult than building a temple of multiple components. The sculptor had zero error tolerance while working on a monolithic designs. One of the pros of monolith design was just work the stone, no need to assemble & align. Lets take a look at the three monolithic shrines of Aihole.

The first one is the smallest, situated on the boulder strewn north-western slope of the hillock, close to the fort wall. The naturally cuboid boulder has been hacked away making it partly hollow. I didn't get a chance to climb upto the temple. I'm guessing the single doorway with a frame and no window. Probably there's a pedestal or a platform for the deity.  I'm assuming the temple is dedicated to Shiva Linga like most other temples here.

A zoomed out view of the temple. Right next to the monolith temple is a small temple with one Garbhagudi, a stepped Shikhara and a Mukhamantapa. The monolith temple looks small but the interior will be as spacious as the neighboring temple. 

Lets move on to the next monolith- a Jain temple built in the VII or VIII Century. This temple is situated on the hillock's south-western slope. As you see the boulder is much bigger and shaped like an inverted cone. Of the three this one stands second in terms of size. The temple face has been leveled out vertically, probably the builders had plans of removing more material so that the front was more open with columns, the interior would've been brighter and airier. 

The west facing door opens into a rectangular hall which is very wide. Opposite the main door is another doorway with a pair of columns which connects to the inner hall. The doorway walls are plain but the other two facing walls have idols of Jaina Theertankara. The ceiling is filled with relief carvings of geometric and floral patterns. The inner doorway has a multi-stage frame. Probably the sculptors had plans of decorating the door frame as well. 

The inner hall is almost a square in plan. Each of the three sides has a chamber each. The innermost chamber seen here is the Garbhagudi. The floor level of the sanctum is higher than the floor of the hall. The deity is Lord Mahaveera in meditation seated on a platform. The walls flanking the sanctum are covered with larger than life size sculptures. I'm not sure about the the two other innermost chambers, if they are just meditation rooms or Garbhagudi. The ceiling of this hall too are rich with geometric, floral and marine creatures. Here's the link to the post dedicated to this monolithic Jaina Basadi.

The last of three is the oldest monolithic temple of Aihole known as Ravalaphadi temple. This is said to be made in the VI Century. In terms of floor area, Ravanaphadi and Jaina Basadi could be same. As you see the temple façade is dominated by the doorway pillars and a pair of Nidhis.

The interior consists of a main hall which in turn connects to three raised chambers on three sides. The walls between the chambers have large sculptures of Lord Shiva, Mahishasuramardini, Varaha and other legendary characters.

One striking feature of these idols are the towering & tapering crowns. The ceiling of the hall is dominated by a large lotus and surrounded by floral & geometric patterns. The center of the floor has a lotus which could be concentric to the one in the ceiling. This temple is bound to leave anyone speechless with its beauty.

The main deity of Ravanaphadi is Shiva Linga, a very rough cut Linga mounted on a pedestal. I'm not sure about the deities in the other two chambers.  

On the outside but a part of the rock formation is a niche with a Shiva Linga on a pedestal.

These monolithic temples are small compared to Badami cave temples but they are beauties not to be missed. Another shrine which is part of the a rock hill itself is Arali Thirtha at Badami. The shrine is not easily accessible but if you can make it, its worth the effort.

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