Jan 27, 2024

Rajagopala Beerangi, Thanjavur fort

Cannons are deadly weapons yet they are fascinating objects. During my historical tours I made sure to check out the cannons in and around my routes. The largest ones I'd seen were in Bidar, Vijayapura (Bijapur) and Kalburgi (Gulbarga). I've collated the information in the post: Largest cannons of Karnataka. My curiosity about cannons isn't limited to just Karnataka. I've seen photos of Jaivana cannon at Jaigarh fort, Rajasthan. Apart from that I'd not come across any other large gun...

On Dec 28th while seeing Whatsapp status of my friend Pramod a set of pictures caught my attention. In those pictures was a massive cannon. The cannon was seriously huge, as large as Badi Tope at Bidar fort or even larger. Wondering how I missed this massive cannon. Now the question where is it situated? Since Pramod was touring Thanjavur the previous day, I guessed it must've been a cannon from Thanjavur fort and later confirmed it. Here's Pramod Potdar posing with Rajagopala Beerangi, the cannon of Thanjavur fort.

The cannon is situated on a turret on the eastern side of Thanjavur fort. It is said to be manufactured in 1620 CE by Tamil engineers during the rule of King Raghunatah Nayak. Presently the cannon is mounted on three stone-pedestals. The original mounting arrangement would have a swivel system to adjust its aim on to the target. Coming to it's name, Beerangi is the Tamil word for cannon, which is similar to it's Kannada counterpart Pirangi. This cannon is a fine example of forge-welding technology of the XVII Century. Unlike the commonly seen cast metal guns at some of the forts / museums, this is a forge-welded steel cannon. If you look at its surface, you see a series of rings welded together. Other examples of forge-welded cannons are: 1. 20' long cannon at Kalburgi fort and 2. Landa Kasab Tope on the southern ramparts of Bijapur fort.

Coming to its physical dimensions, it is approximately 7m (23') long with 1m (3.5') diameter barrel. The bore diameter is approximately 0.5 m (20"). Going by these dimensions, its weight is approximately 32 tons. And going by its estimated bore diameter, a 500 kg steel ball would be a projectile for this cannon. Imagine the scene of a 500 kg steel ball flying a few kilometers and the havoc when it bombards its target! In the picture below, the curved iron strips strengthen the mouth of the bore to withstand forced while loading the steel ball, and also when the ball is discharged.

Though this cannon is a protected artifact, there seems to be no information board at the site. ASI / Tourism department must post a short writeup for the benefit of tourists. Just like our ancient sculptures, temples, palaces, & forts, cannons are also engineering marvels. They need to be highlighted since they are potentially case studies for students of metallurgy.

Before closing this post I would like to thank Pramod for the photos. I would also like to mention that photos of Bonsai Baobab of Shukavana, Mysuru are his. Based out of Pune, Pramod is an avid traveler & trekker, traveling in every possible direction of our diverse country. He and his friends form a wonderful team, they've done some serious trekking in the Himalayas and Sahyadri Ghats.

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Jan 20, 2024

Taale Gida of Bhogasandra and Bommarasanahalli

During the fourth visit to Bhogasandra, somehow the matter of Taalegari Lipi came into one of the evening chats. Sridhar mentioned that they had some Taalegari strips at home. I think it was our friend Siddaramanna who mentioned about Taalegeri plants close to Sridhar's land. Being a rare plant people from far away places come in search of its flowers during Aug - Sept months which happens to be Hindu festive season. The flower has a unique form and fragrant, it is used as an offering to religious idols at home and temples. A decade ago I'd seen a Taalegari plant in the forest path on the way to Sirle waterfall near Yellapur in Uttara Kannada district. After some discussion with Siddaramanna it was clear that the plant seen near Sirle and the ones here were two different plants. So it's not just one type of leaf was used to make writing medium, different leaves were used. Probably the leaves of Tati Nungu (toddy palm or ice apple) were also used as writing medium. I eagerly waited for daybreak to take a look at the Taale plants here.

The following morning another friend Shivappa showed me the plants which I remember seeing earlier but I'd not paid attention to them. These plants were present along the banks of the stream. Some of the plants are rooted in the streambed itself. Basically this plant requires high moisture hence grows along rivers and streams, maybe near ponds as well.

Taale Gida Kewda Fragrant Screw Pine

Taale is also known as Kewda plant and Fragrant Screw Pine. Taale leaves are long-pointed, dark green, has barbs along the edges. The leaves emerge from the stem like a fountain. Each clump could have 100 to 120 leaves. A mature leaf can be a meter long i.e. about 3' feet. A single plant can have several branches and grows up to 15' tall.

Taale Gida Kewda Fragrant Screw Pine

As per my observation, there are 8 to 10 clusters, each cluster comprising of 5 to 6 plants. These plants flower between July and September. The flowers transform into fruits which resemble small pineapples when raw. On ripening, they turn bright orange. Apparently the screw pine is edible but it must be cooked and eaten.

Taale Gida Kewda Fragrant Screw Pine

We managed to get close to one of the plants which was reachable to our hands. Luckily Shivappa had a kudlu, a long sickle with which he cut a bunch of young leaves. Carrying the bunch from here to the farmhouse was something. I'd hold it up with my arm stretched out fully so that the thorny edges don't tear into my skin or clothes.

Taale Gida Kewda Fragrant Screw Pine

This is the bunch I go home and placed in a water filled pot. That was an attempt to keep it fresh for a day. Leaves could be peeled out easily since their bases formed a cylindrical stack. That gave me an idea of the leaves were separated, then dried out. However, to make them a long lasting writing medium, there must be a an elaborate procedure starting with removing the thorns.

Taale Ele Kewda Fragrant Screw Pine Leaf

Hoping to see a flowered plant this August or September. Or I can ask one of our friends to check out the plant and take pictures of flowers and fruits.

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Jan 13, 2024

Ranganathaswami Devastana, Kote Gudda

Besides the Chalukyan realm, the most visited place of the Year 2023 has been Bhogasandra where I could taste the remote rural life in Tumkur district. I was happy to visiting it again, Bhogasandra is another home for me.

December 4th morning I met Sridhar again at Mysuru. We were at Mysuru to attend a wedding. The venue was in a rural location, some 17 km away from Mysuru city center, it was peaceful, had a nice view of Chamundi Betta. Soon after lunch, we returned to Mysuru, checked out from the hotel and hired a taxi to drop us to Nittur. We had thought of going by bus, since we got delayed at the wedding we opted for a quicker mode for the 140 km journey. The cab dropped us off near Nittur bus-stand by 6-30 pm. From here we would be proceeding to Bhogasandra by Sridhar's scooter. We picked up groceries and then walked a kilometer to the lodge where the scooter was parked, a 15 minute walk. The 15 km scooter journey with two stops for more groceries lasted about 45 minutes. In between, we had to be really cautious on the diversion because of the ongoing canal work related to Yettinahole project. After being outdoors for almost 24 hours, I felt relieved to be home again. After freshening up, we prepared rice & rasam. The steaming hot rice-rasam mixture on banana leaves was a satisfactory meal. We hit the sack by 9-30, lying down in the dark, in complete silence barring the sounds of insects ...this is one of the things which pulls me to this place.

Being accustomed to waking up early, I was awake by 4-30 am but remained in the bed until about 5 am. I saw Sridhar stirring, wished him good morning, that ended his sleep. After freshening up, I made tea, we sipped the hot brew and chatted about work. As the first light appeared, we started removing wild plants which were taking over the open space in front of the house. We pulled the plants along with their roots and dumped them in small heaps. This work requires some effort, warming us up rapidly. One of the farmers wrapped up in a jacket and riding a bike to his plantation stopped by and asked us if the cold weather wasn't bothering us. Forget the cold, I was already sweating. We cleaned up the entire front yard by 7-30 or so. We called it a session and headed to the kitchen for another tea. This was a good way to start a day. Time for bath & breakfast. I prepared uppit, Sridhar fetched banana leaves and our friend Siddaramanna happened to come by, we had the slightly pasty uppit. After breakfast Sridhar and I picked tomatoes and chilies. Around 11-30 we went to the neighboring farmer Shivappa's home, just a casual meeting for an hour or so. Back home, we cooked rice & rasam, had them piping hot over banana leaves and napped till 3-30 PM. While we had tea, Sridhar planned a trip to Kote Gudda. Our friend Siddaramanna would be taking us there.

We left the farm by 4 PM, paused at Bhogasandra for Siddaramanna to join us. There are two routes to Kote Gudda, one via Sagasandra and the other one is an interior route. We opted for the former. About 1.5 km from Sagasandra towards Adalagere lake, there's a dirt road on the right hand side which goes towards the hill. The dirt track is suitable for walking, mountain bikes, motorcycles and SUVs. At one point I shifted from Sridhar's scooter to Siddaramanna's motorcycle. The dirt track surface was mostly hard, it was littered with pebbles, also there were patches of loose mud, riders had to deal with varying conditions. The track snakes it way up the eastern slope, since it was afternoon we were riding in shade. About 90% of the way up, we stopped to admire the views.

Sridhar and his scooter on the left, Siddaramanna on the right. If you look at the background, it's mostly plain land with scattered hillocks and waterbodies. From this point we could count five large waterbodies, the closest one being Adalagere lake and the farthest one was Nittur lake. Siddaramanna said that we could see eight waterbodies from the summit.

A minute's ride we reached the end of the path, Ranganatha Swamy Devastana was there. Bikes were parked close to the temple, we went to the southern side of the summit which gave a commanding view of the surroundings. The waterbody seen in the background is Adalagere lake.

Looking towards the south-eastern side, the aqueduct of Yettinahole project comes into view. The pale white band is the aqueduct. The project is still under construction phase which might on for another 3 to 4 years. Beyond the aqueduct are plains and then further away are hills and forest area. Bhogasandra is one of the few villages on the border between the plains & hills.

A hillock in the path of the canal has been cut open exposing the innards.

Panning to the right, now we are almost looking in the westerly direction. The waterbody seen here is Bhogasandra lake. The tiny white dot beyond the waterbody is one of the houses of Bhogasandra. mostly Channabasava's house, very close to Sridhar's farmhouse. Between this hill and the edge of those hills, the plains are covered mostly by coconut and betelnut plantations. Somewhere in the plains we spotted a herd of sheep, we could hear the shepherd's cry clearly.

This hill has some interesting flora, mostly planted by the state forest department. This tree full of dry beans caught my attention. I tried to find the name of this plant, the closest I could get is Indian Bean tree however I'm not sure if that's the correct name.

Around the temple were a few outcrops of lava rocks. The surface, due to the color and texture, has a woody look.

This is the temple Shikhara, the tower over the sanctum. The walls are made of granite blocks, has a thick layer of plaster and coated with lime. The Shikhara is made of brick and mortar. Going by the structure's design, this seems to be built during Vijayanagara time. Most of our temples histories date back to a few thousand years, however we tend to assign the period of structure's construction.

Coming to the front of the temple. There are two pillars, approximately 6' and 15' tall. The temple is situated on the highest place of this hill. The hill is about 2 km long (north-south) and 800 meters wide (east-west). The temple is situated close to the southern end of the hill.

The temple doorway had a metal gate and it was locked, however we could see through the gate, deity and guards were visible. This temple sees activity for a few days in a year, during festivals or significant days. Otherwise this place doesn't have any visitors, looks like even shepherds avoid this hill because of leopard attacks. Apparently bears used to take shelter in this temple during rains or cold winters. Hence a gate was installed and kept locked.

A peek through the gate. Nice to see the clean interior. The deity is a blur due to low light in the sanctum. The Dwarapala i.e. the guards are clearer. These three idols are quite big, approximately 4' tall. It's my guess that these idols date back to Hoysala period. May be the temple structure was smaller originally. Later during the Vijayanagara time the temple was renovated hence the brick-mortar Shikhara over the sanctum.

A zoomed in picture, the features are no better. One must come early in the morning when sunrays are directly on the idol, to get a clearer look. We offer our Namaskara from outside and leave.

Another view of the Stambha. The taller pillar has plain faces. The shorter pillar has a female humanoid sculpture close to its base (see inset).

Meanwhile, in the sky high altitude clouds had formed an interesting pattern.

The Shikhara is very interesting pyramid. The transition from a square base to circular top is smooth and elegant. I'm guessing it's a Vimananagara Shikhara. Vimana is an ancient flying machine often mentioned in our country's history. That's it about this temple. People here do not know much about this temple's history. We have to form our own opinions based on observations. Maybe talking to elderly folks in surrounding villages may yield some info.

The light and shadow game of clouds was a spectacle. A sight to behold.

Siddramanna said time to leave, this place is known for animal attacks. We start our downhill journey.

The downhill journey was smooth despite the pebble ridden track and the payload, thanks to Siddaramanna's expert riding. At Sagasandra we stopped at Kempamma Devastana, another ancient shrine however the structure has been renovated in the recent past. Having seen Sagasandra several times, I feel this village was a place of importance in the past. Close to the village's main junction (Aralikatte) is a hero-stone. Also, there seems to be another shrine dating back to Hoysala period. Something to checkout during my future visits.

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Jan 6, 2024

Mastigudi at Haradagere

During my fourth visit to Sridhar's betelnut farm at Bhogasandra, Sridhar and I had made a social call on an acquaintance from the neighboring village Hardagere. Our acquaintance Indrakumar is a farmer growing mainly coconut and betelnut. While at his place, we chatted mostly about farming and general stuff. I asked if there was any historical place at his village and he mention Mastigudi. After snacks & tea we decided to check out Mastigudi which is situated a minutes walk away. Here we are- a sculptur edepicting a royal couple under a Kirtimukha. According to Indrakumar, this sculpture was housed under a proper shelter made of stone slabs. Presently the roof is gone, only the walls are remaining. In the past this was like a shrine, rituals happened on a regular basis. Now it's in a state of neglect.

The word Mastigudi is a sum of Masti and Gudi. Masti or Mastikallu means a sculpted stone pillar / slab erected in memory of a woman who immolated herself on her husband's funeral pyre. Mastikallu is also known as Sati-kallu. However this sculpture doesn't have the features of a Mastikallu. This seems to be more like a memorial to a couple of a royal family who ruled over this place. By it's looks this sculpture seems to be from Hoysala period. In fact there are several temples in the surrounding region dating back to Hoysala period. To the south of this region are well known Hoysala centers like Turuvekere, Aralaguppe, Nagalapura, etc.

Indrakumar and an elderly person of Hardagere did admit that this monument needs to be cared for. I was gald that such a thought occurred. Perhaps I'll remind them about it during my next visit. Talking about historical places in this region, there are several of them, let me mention a few here. Kempamma Devastana at Kote village, Guddada Ranganatha Swami Devastana near Kote and the Veeragllu of Sagasandra. I've also heard that there are a few ancient sculptures at Bhogasandra village which I'm yet to see.

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Jan 3, 2024

Trimurti at Chandalingeshwar temple complex

These pictures of Trimurti were shot on Nov 24, 2012 at the remotely situated Sri Chandalingeshwar temple complex near Bilagi. This sandstone sculpture depicts a ten-armed Nataraja in the middle, Brahma on the left and Vishnu on the right. Nandi, Parvati and Ganesha are present near Shiva. Going by the looks of the surfaces, the sculpture could be from Chalukyan times, probably between VII or VIII Century CE.

Chandalingeshwar temple complex is a rectangular enclosure bounded by walls made of sandstone blocks. In the entrance is an open yard. Further inside is a sub-enclosure in which temples are present. This particular sculpture of Trimuti can be on a wall binding the open space. Locals have marked it as Sri Shankaralingeshwara shrine. There could be a deity inside, I'm not sure though.

This temple complex is situated at the base of a cleft where rainwater flows down in a stream. Due to repeated water flow in and around the temple, the ground is sandy and there's water logging inside the complex. Due to scanty rainfall, there was no waterlogging during my visit. One must visit this place after a good rainfall over this region. The other interesting place to visit in this region is Abhinava Tirupati near Hanamasagar.
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